occupational therapy models and frames of reference

HaC 2025

3 min read 18-03-2025

occupational therapy models and frames of reference

Occupational therapy (OT) is a dynamic field that uses various models and frames of reference to guide assessment and intervention. Understanding these tools is crucial for effective practice. This article provides a comprehensive overview of prominent models and frames of reference used in occupational therapy.

What are Occupational Therapy Models?

Occupational therapy models provide a broad perspective on the profession's philosophical base and overall approach to practice. They offer a lens through which to view clients' needs and guide the therapeutic process. Unlike frames of reference, which are more specific, models outline overarching principles. They don't dictate specific techniques but inform the overall direction of treatment.

Key Occupational Therapy Models:

Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP): This holistic model emphasizes the interplay between person, environment, and occupation. It views occupation as central to health and well-being and highlights the transactional relationship between these three components. The CMOP is widely used in practice, guiding assessments and interventions.
Model of Human Occupation (MOHO): MOHO focuses on the process of occupational participation. It considers volition (personal causation), habituation (habits and roles), and performance capacity (physical and mental abilities) as key elements influencing occupation. This model helps therapists understand the dynamic interplay of these factors in shaping occupational performance.
Ecology of Human Performance (EHP): This model emphasizes the importance of the environment in influencing occupational performance. It considers the person's abilities, the environment, and the tasks or occupations themselves as key factors. The EHP model promotes interventions focusing on adapting the environment, modifying tasks, or enhancing the person's skills to facilitate occupational performance.
Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO): This model is similar to CMOP in its emphasis on the dynamic interaction of person, environment, and occupation. The model views occupational performance as the outcome of this interaction, suggesting that changes in any of the three components will impact the outcome. It often uses a concentric circles model to illustrate the relationship visually.

What are Frames of Reference?

Occupational therapy frames of reference are more specific and task-oriented than models. They provide a theoretical basis for choosing assessment tools and intervention strategies. Frames of reference are often chosen based on the client's specific needs and diagnoses.

Categories of Frames of Reference:

Frames of reference are categorized based on their theoretical underpinnings. Some major categories include:

Biomechanical Frame of Reference:

Focus: Addresses physical limitations affecting occupational performance.
Techniques: Range of motion exercises, strengthening exercises, splinting, and adaptive equipment.
Suitable for: Clients with musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, and other physical impairments.

Neurodevelopmental Frame of Reference:

Focus: Improves motor skills and postural control through handling techniques and activities that promote normal movement patterns.
Techniques: Handling, weight-bearing, and sensory stimulation activities.
Suitable for: Children with cerebral palsy, developmental coordination disorder, and other neurological conditions.

Sensory Integration Frame of Reference:

Focus: Addresses sensory processing difficulties that interfere with occupational performance.
Techniques: Sensory-rich activities, sensory diets, and environmental modifications.
Suitable for: Children with sensory processing disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and other sensory-related conditions.

Cognitive Behavioral Frame of Reference:

Focus: Modifies thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that interfere with occupational performance.
Techniques: Cognitive restructuring, behavior modification, problem-solving, and stress management techniques.
Suitable for: Clients with anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions.

Rehabilitation Frame of Reference:

Focus: Compensatory strategies and adaptive techniques to maximize independence in daily activities.
Techniques: Assistive devices, environmental modifications, and task modification.
Suitable for: Clients with chronic illnesses, disabilities, and aging-related limitations.

Motor Learning Frame of Reference:

Focus: Improve motor skills through practice, feedback, and repetition.
Techniques: Practice of functional tasks in various contexts, providing feedback and adjusting challenges.
Suitable for: Clients recovering from stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions.

Choosing the Right Model and Frame of Reference

The selection of appropriate models and frames of reference is crucial. It is important to consider the client's diagnosis, specific needs, and goals. Often, a combination of models and frames of reference are used to provide a holistic approach to treatment. A skilled occupational therapist will use professional judgment and client feedback to inform their choices.

Conclusion

Occupational therapy models and frames of reference are essential tools that guide assessment and intervention strategies. By understanding these models and frames of reference, occupational therapists can provide effective and client-centered care that maximizes occupational performance and enhances quality of life. Further research into specific models and frames of reference is encouraged to deepen understanding and refine clinical practice.